Cross-border tax terms — V
2 terms beginning with V, each defined at mechanism level.
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Every definition here is written at mechanism level: what the term means and what turns on it. No threshold, rate or day-count is quoted in a glossary entry, because a stale number in a definition is the one most likely to be copied into a filing.
Cross-border vocabulary is mostly a record of disagreement. Two countries look at one arrangement and classify it differently, and the gap between the classifications is where the double tax, or the unintended relief, actually lives. That is why each entry ends by pointing at work rather than at more reading: the pages where the term determines an amount or a deadline.
Knowing the term is the first half. Knowing whether it applies to your year, and what evidence proves it, is the half that changes the outcome. Every page here carries the name of the person who reviewed it and the date they did.
- Voluntary Disclosures Program — The CRA programme giving penalty and partial interest relief for correcting unreported income or unfiled returns, available only while the disclosure is still voluntary.
- Virtual digital asset — India's statutory category for crypto and similar assets, taxed under a dedicated regime with a transaction-level deduction at source.
This letter holds one term, so this page is mostly a signpost to it. The A–Z above is the faster route if you arrived looking for something else.
Voluntary Disclosures Program and virtual digital asset
The CRA programme giving penalty and partial interest relief for correcting unreported income or unfiled returns, available only while the disclosure is still voluntary. What the entry under this letter turns on is set out on its own page, together with the returns it reaches and what we charge to handle them.
Virtual digital asset is the other entry under V. India's statutory category for crypto and similar assets, taxed under a dedicated regime with a transaction-level deduction at source.
Nearby letters
U — 4 terms · W — 7 terms. The full A–Z lists all 297 terms in one place.
Back to the full glossary · Cross-border tax answers · Side-by-side comparisons
Cross-border tax case studies
Social Security Contributions Owed in Two Countries at Once
A totalization agreement assigns contributions to one system and exempts the other, but only against a certificate obtained in advance. Without it both sets come out of the same salary and neither is straightforward to recover.
Read how this one runsCanadian Pension Paid Abroad and Taxed at the Flat Rate
Pension and annuity payments to a non-resident carry a flat withholding that often exceeds what a return would produce. The alternative filing is elective, and whether it helps depends on the total income for the year rather than on the payment alone.
Read how this one runsAn Adjustment in One Country and No Relief in the Other
A pricing adjustment taxes the same profit twice unless the other country makes a corresponding one. The mutual agreement route is what produces that relief, and it is opened on a timetable set by the treaty rather than by either revenue authority.
Read how this one runsA Retirement Plan That Grows Tax-Deferred in Only One Country
Cross-border retirement accounts are recognised by treaty, but the deferral usually has to be elected rather than assumed. The engagement checks whether the election was made, makes it where it was missed, and reports the account on whichever side requires it.
Read how this one runsA Pension Taxed Where the Treaty Did Not Intend
Pension and annuity articles allocate taxing rights differently from employment income, and a flat withholding often exceeds what a return would produce. The alternative filing is elective and has a deadline.
Read how this one runsA Student or Researcher Covered by a Treaty Article
Several treaties carry a dedicated article for students, trainees and visiting researchers that displaces the ordinary employment rules. Whether it applies turns on the purpose of the stay and the source of the funds, both of which are evidenced rather than asserted.
Read how this one runsA Residency Determination Review After Leaving the Country
Residence is decided on ties, not on a form, and the review asks for evidence of every one of them. The file assembles the ties that were severed and the ones that remained, and answers the questionnaire against the treaty rather than around it.
Read how this one runsUnreported Foreign Income Disclosed Before the CRA Asked
A voluntary disclosure has to be genuinely voluntary — once a letter arrives, the route usually closes. The engagement establishes whether the programme is still available, prepares the years, and puts the relief request in with the filing rather than after it.
Read how this one runsAll case studies — every published engagement in one place.
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Working from anywhere doesn't mean taxed nowhere: residency defaults, employer payroll exposure and treaty relief decide where income actually lands.
Working from another country does not by itself end tax residence in the one you left, and it can start one where you are sitting. Day counts, ties, the employer's own exposure and the treaty tie-breaker all point at the same question, and the year you move is the year it has to be answered on paper.
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